Effect of EGCG on the Body's Response to Insulin

Condition(s) targeted: Hypertension; Obesity; Type 2 Diabetes; Insulin Resistance

Intervention: Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) (Drug)

Phase: Phase 2

Status: Recruiting

Sponsored by: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)

Overall contact:
Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office, Phone: (800) 411-1222, Email: prpl@mail.cc.nih.gov

This study will examine whether epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea, affects how the body responds to insulin in healthy and obese people, people with high blood pressure (HBP), and people with type 2 diabetes. Insulin is not as effective in people who are overweight, have HBP or diabetes. This condition is known as insulin resistance. Laboratory studies suggest that green tea or EGCG treatment lowers blood pressure, lowers blood sugar and increases blood flow. This study will see if EGCG improves insulin resistance or insulin's effects on blood flow in people with insulin resistance. Healthy normal weight or overweight people, people with HBP and people with type 2 diabetes between 21 and 65 years of age may be eligible for this study. Participants are randomly assigned to take EGCG or a placebo ( inactive dummy pill ) in two 4-week treatment phases with a 2-week period of no study medication before each treatment phase. After the first 4-week treatment, patients on placebo are switched to EGCG and those on EGCG are switched to placebo. In addition to treatment, participants undergo the following procedures during the study period: Screening, including medical history, physical examination and blood and urine tests, and finger-stick blood sugar measurement for patients with diabetes Complete a dietary and physical activity questionnaire and consult with a dietitian Blood and urine tests At-home and clinic blood pressure monitoring Blood sugar checks for patients with diabetes Glucose clamp test to measure how the body responds to insulin. This test is done three times during the study. A needle is placed in a vein in each of the subject's arms, one for sampling blood and the other for infusing insulin, glucose and potassium. Glucose and insulin levels, electrolytes, lipids, fatty acids, cytokines and epicatechin are measured. Forearm blood flow measurement with microbubbles and ultrasound. Before beginning the glucose clamp test, a test of how well the blood vessels relax is done. A device that measures the size of the artery in the upper arm is placed above the elbow. Blood flow in the muscle of the forearm is measured by ultrasound using a small infusion through a vein of microbubble contrast agent consisting of gas-filled bubbles the size of red blood cells. The contrast agent is infused over a 7- to 9-minute period at the beginning of the glucose clamp test and again 2 hours after the beginning of the test.

Official title: An Exploratory Study to Evaluate the Ability of Epigallocatechin Gallate to Simultaneously Improve Metabolic and Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin in Healthy, Obese, Hypertensive, or Diabetic Subjects

Study design: Treatment, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Control, Crossover Assignment, Pharmacokinetics Study

Primary outcome: The primary outcomes in this study are change in blood pressure and insulin sensitivity (by glucose clamp).

Secondary outcome: 1) Insulin-stimulated brachial artery blood flow as well as capillary recruitment in forearm skeletal muscle, 2) change in plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and 3) EGCG pharmacokinetics in plasma.

Detailed description: Green tea is a functional food whose consumption is associated with improved cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in several large epidemiological studies. One third of the solids in green tea are composed of the bioactive polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG). Studies in both cell- and animal-based models (from our lab and elsewhere) suggest that EGCG may mimic and/or augment beneficial metabolic, vascular, and anti-inflammatory actions of insulin. Indeed, we have recently shown that 3-week EGCG therapy of SHR rats (genetic model of hypertension with features of human metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, endothelial dysfunction, and overweight) lowers blood pressure, improves endothelial dysfunction, increases insulin sensitivity, and raises adiponectin levels nearly as effectively as treatment with the conventional ACE-inhibitor enalapril. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension are all important interrelated public health problems that are characterized by reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Thus, therapies for these diseases that improve insulin resistance often simultaneously improve endothelial function and vice versa. Based on results from cellular, physiological, and epidemiological studies, we hypothesize that oral EGCG administration will simultaneously ameliorate insulin resistance and lower blood pressure in human subjects with obesity, essential hypertension, or type 2 diabetes. To test these hypotheses, we will conduct a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study to evaluate potential beneficial effects of EGCG to modulate insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, vascular function, and inflammatory markers in four groups of subjects (lean healthy controls, obesity, essential hypertension, or type 2 diabetes). After a 2-week polyphenol-free run-in period, each subject will be randomized to receive EGCG or placebo capsules (400 mg p. o. B. I.D.) for 4 weeks. This will be followed by a 2-week polyphenol-free washout period after which subjects will cross-over to the other treatment arm. At baseline, and after each 4-week treatment period, we will assess insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic glucose clamp technique) and vascular function. Regarding vascular function, we will measure basal and insulin-stimulated brachial artery blood flow (large conduit artery assessed by Doppler ultrasound) as well as capillary recruitment in forearm skeletal muscle (small nutritive arterioles assessed by ultrasound with microbubble contrast). Blood pressure will be measured weekly in the NIH CRC throughout the duration of the study. EGCG pharmacokinetics will be measured at the beginning of each glucose clamp study day after oral administration of a single dose of EGCG or placebo. Finally, various plasma markers of inflammation will be measured at baseline and at the end of each treatment arm to evaluate potential changes that may be related to improvements in metabolic and/or vascular function. This study will explore whether EGCG, a single compound thought to be a major bioactive component of green tea, is effective at improving insulin resistance and lowering blood pressure in subjects with obesity, hypertension, or diabetes. Results from this study may have important implications for understanding potential health benefits of functional foods that contain bioactive polyphenols including green tea, dark chocolate, and red wine.

Minimum age: 21 Years. Maximum age: 65 Years. Gender(s): Both.

Criteria:

INCLUSION CRITERIA: HEALTHY SUBJECTS: Men and women in good general health with no significant underlying illnesses who are between the ages of 21-65 years of age with HbA(1C) less than 6. 5%, fasting blood glucose less than 100 mg/dL, blood pressure less than 120/80, and BMI between 20-25 kg/m(2). Subjects should have never smoked tobacco or not smoked within the previous year. OBESE SUBJECTS: Men and women in good general health with no significant underlying illnesses except obesity who are between the ages of 21-65 years of age with HbA(1C) less than 6. 5%, fasting blood glucose less than 100 mg/dl, blood pressure less than 120/80, and BMI between 30-40 kg/m(2). HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS: Men and women between the ages of 21-65 years of age who are in good general health except for mild to moderate hypertension with seated blood pressure between 140/90 and 160/100 mm of Hg while off of anti-hypertensive medications (average over 3 visits). TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS: Men and women between the ages of 21-65 years of age in good general health except for type 2 diabetes controlled with diet and/or oral hypoglycemic agents (except thiazolidinediones) with a HbA(1c) between 6-9% and C-peptide levels greater than 0. 8 ng/ml. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: ALL SUBJECTS: Subjects will be excluded from our study if they are pregnant or if they plan pregnancy prior to the end of the study. In addition, subjects will be excluded if their age is greater than 65 yrs, BMI greater than or equal to 40 kg/m(2), or have liver disease (including liver transaminase levels greater than twice the upper limit of normal), pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency (serum creatinine greater than 2. 0 mg/dl), coronary heart disease, heart failure (New York Heart Association heart failure Class III or IV), peripheral vascular disease, coagulopathy, major depressive disorder, actively smoking within the last year, in treatment for any form of cancer, positive tests for HIV, hepatitis B or C, or take systemic corticosteroids, thiazolidinediones (within 3 months), insulin, or anticoagulants, use food supplements that cannot be discontinued, regular intake of 8 or more cups of tea per week within 3 months prior to study entry, alcoholic beverage intake of two drinks per day (a drink corresponds to approximately 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of table wine, and between 1 and 1. 5 ounces of 80-proof spirits), poor compliance during run-in period or regular use of medications that affect insulin sensitivity, blood pressure or vascular function and that cannot be discontinued. In addition, history of any other medical disease, laboratory abnormalities, or psychological conditions that would make the subject (based upon the principal investigator's judgment) unsuitable for study enrollment. Subjects with known hypersensitivity to octafluoropropane, recent eye surgery, or with known cardiac shunts will also be excluded from participating because of potential adverse effects from microbubble contrast agent. Subjects will be excluded if they are unable to give informed consent for all procedures. Children are excluded from this study because children do not typically take EGCG and do not typically have hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus. DIABETIC SUBJECTS: In addition to the above general exclusion criteria, we will exclude diabetic subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus, poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c greater than 9. 0%), random blood glucose greater than 300 mg/dL, symptomatic hyperglycemia (symptoms of dehydration or acidosis), the presence of proliferative retinopathy, or diabetic neuropathy. HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS: In addition to the above general exclusion criteria, we will exclude hypertensive subjects if they have diabetes.

Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office, Phone: (800) 411-1222, Email: prpl@mail.cc.nih.gov

National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Recruiting

NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page

Related publications:

Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, Levy D, Meigs JB, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW, Savage PJ. Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. JAMA. 2004 Nov 24;292(20):2495-9.

Starting date: February 2007
Last updated: April 27, 2007