VIVOTIF SUMMARY
Vivotif® (Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a) is a live attenuated vaccine for oral administration only. The vaccine contains the attenuated strain
Salmonella typhi
Ty21a (1,2).
Vivotif® (Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a) is indicated for immunization of adults and children greater than 6 years of age against disease caused by Salmonella typhi. Routine typhoid vaccination is not recommended in the United States of America. Selective immunization against typhoid fever is recommended for the following groups: 1) travelers to areas in which there is a recognized risk of exposure to
S. typhi, 2) persons with intimate exposure (e.g. household contact) to a
S. typhi
carrier, and 3) microbiology laboratorians who work frequently with
S. typhi(7). There is no evidence to support the use of typhoid vaccine to control common source outbreaks, disease following natural disasters or in persons attending rural summer camps.
Not all recipients of Vivotif® will be fully protected against typhoid fever. Vaccinated individuals should continue to take personal precautions against exposure to typhoid organisms. The vaccine will not afford protection against species of
Salmonella
other than
Salmonella typhi or other bacteria that cause enteric disease. The vaccine is not suitable for treatment of acute infections with
S. typhi.
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NEWS HIGHLIGHTS
Published Studies Related to Vivotif (Typhoid Vaccine)
A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. [2009.07.23]
BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever remains an important cause of illness and death in the developing world. Uncertainties about the protective effect of Vi polysaccharide vaccine in children under the age of 5 years and about the vaccine's effect under programmatic conditions have inhibited its use in developing countries... CONCLUSIONS: The Vi vaccine was effective in young children and protected unvaccinated neighbors of Vi vaccinees. The potential for combined direct and indirect protection by Vi vaccine should be considered in future deliberations about introducing this vaccine in areas where typhoid fever is endemic. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00125008.) 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
Revaccination with locally-produced vi typhoid polysaccharide vaccine among chinese school-aged children: safety and immunogenicity findings. [2007.11]
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of revaccination with locally-produced Vi polysaccharide vaccine 3 years after the first dose in Chinese children aged 9 to 14 years... CONCLUSION: We found that revaccination using the locally produced Vi polysaccharide vaccine among Chinese school-aged children was safe and increased antibody titers. Revaccination can be used to extend the duration of protection provided by Vi polysaccharide vaccine.
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. [2007.07.18]
CONCLUSIONS: The licensed Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccines are efficacious. The new and unlicensed Vi-rEPA vaccine is as efficacious and may confer longer immunity.
Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine and prevention of paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B. [2007.07.15]
In randomized, controlled field trials in Area Norte and Area Occidente of Santiago, Chile, 2 (Norte) or 3 (Occidente) doses of live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a in enteric-coated capsules conferred protection against confirmed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi disease (53% efficacy in Norte; 67% efficacy in Occidente) during 3 years of follow-up...
The use of typhoid vaccines in Asia: the DOMI experience. [2007.07.15]
BACKGROUND: Two currently licensed typhoid vaccines have been evaluated in Asia, yet few Asian countries have considered including typhoid vaccines in their vaccination programs. The Diseases of the Most Impoverished (DOMI) Program was initiated to provide evidence to decide on the introduction of typhoid vaccines in Asian countries... CONCLUSIONS: The DOMI Program has begun to provide momentum for the evidence-based, rational introduction of typhoid vaccines into the public health programs of several Asian countries.
Clinical Trials Related to Vivotif (Typhoid Vaccine)
Vaccines and Dietary Oats in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis [Not yet recruiting]
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease caused by an imbalance between
natural defence mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa and microbes in the intestinal lumen. We
hypothesise that an improvement or even normalisation of this balance may be achieved by the
use of vaccines and dietary oats. The combined use of oral typhoid vaccine and
cholera/ETEC-vaccine is supposed to stimulate mucosal defence factors, while dietary oats
modifies the microbial environment inside the intestinal lumen. Or study aim is to show if
such treatment brings symptom relief to patients with ulcerative colitis.
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