ADVERSE REACTIONS
Most adverse reactions have been mild and transient and are typical of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, eg, bradycardia, fatigue, dyspnea, and lethargy. Withdrawal of therapy in U.S. and European controlled clinical trials has been necessary in about 3.5% of patients, principally because of bradycardia, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and impotence.
Frequency estimates of adverse events were derived from controlled studies in which adverse reactions were volunteered and elicited in U.S. studies and volunteered and/or elicited in European studies.
In the U.S., the placebo-controlled hypertension studies lasted for 4 weeks, while the active-controlled hypertension studies had a 22- to 24-week double-blind phase. The following doses were studied: betaxolol—5, 10, 20, and 40 mg once daily; atenolol—25, 50, and 100 mg once daily; and propranolol—40, 80, and 160 mg b.i.d.
Kerlone, like other beta-blockers, has been associated with the development of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (e.g., lupus erythematosus). In controlled clinical studies, conversion of ANA from negative to positive occurred in 5.3% of the patients treated with betaxolol, 6.3% of the patients treated with atenolol, 4.9% of the patients treated with propranolol, and 3.2% of the patients treated with placebo.
Betaxolol adverse events reported with a 2% or greater frequency, and selected events with lower frequency, in U.S. controlled studies are:
Dose Range | Betaxolol (N=509) 5–40 mg q.d.Five patients received 80 mg q.d. | Propranolol (N=73) 40–160 mg b.i.d. | Atenolol (N=75) 25–100 mg q.d. | Placebo (N=109) |
Body System/Adverse Reaction | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) |
Cardiovascular | | | | |
Bradycardia (heart rate < 50 BPM) | 8.1 | 4.1 | 12.0 | 0 |
Symptomatic bradycardia | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
Edema | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 |
Central Nervous System | | | | |
Headache | 6.5 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 15.6 |
Dizziness | 4.5 | 11.0 | 2.7 | 5.5 |
Fatigue | 2.9 | 9.6 | 4.0 | 0 |
Lethargy | 2.8 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 0.9 |
Psychiatric | | | | |
Insomnia | 1.2 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 0 |
Nervousness | 0.8 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0 |
Bizarre dreams | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0 |
Depression | 0.8 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 0 |
Autonomic | | | | |
Impotence | 1.2N=336 males; impotence is a known possible adverse effect of this pharmacological class. | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Respiratory | | | | |
Dyspnea | 2.4 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 |
Pharyngitis | 2.0 | 0 | 4.0 | 0.9 |
Rhinitis | 1.4 | 0 | 4.0 | 0.9 |
Upper respiratory infection | 2.6 | 0 | 0 | 5.5 |
Gastrointestinal | | | | |
Dyspepsia | 4.7 | 6.8 | 2.7 | 0.9 |
Nausea | 1.6 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 0 |
Diarrhea | 2.0 | 6.8 | 8.0 | 0.9 |
Musculoskeletal | | | | |
Chest pain | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0.9 |
Arthralgia | 3.1 | 0 | 4.0 | 1.8 |
Skin | | | | |
Rash | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Of the above adverse reactions associated with the use of betaxolol, only bradycardia was clearly dose related, but there was a suggestion of dose relatedness for fatigue, lethargy, and dyspepsia.
In Europe, the placebo-controlled study lasted for 4 weeks, while the comparative studies had a 4- to 52-week double-blind phase. The following doses were studied: betaxolol 20 and 40 mg once daily and atenolol 100 mg once daily.
From European controlled hypertension clinical trials, the following adverse events reported by 2% or more patients and selected events with lower frequency are presented:
Dose range | Betaxolol (N=155) 20–40 mg q.d. | Atenolol (N=81) 100 mg q.d. | Placebo (N=60) |
Body System/Adverse Reaction | (%) | (%) | (%) |
Cardiovascular | | | |
Bradycardia (heartrate < 50 BPM) | 5.8 | 5.0 | 0 |
Symptomatic bradycardia | 1.9 | 2.5 | 0 |
Palpitation | 1.9 | 3.7 | 1.7 |
Edema | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0 |
Cold extremities | 1.9 | 0 | 0 |
Central Nervous System | | | |
Headache | 14.8 | 9.9 | 23.3 |
Dizziness | 14.8 | 17.3 | 15.0 |
Fatigue | 9.7 | 18.5 | 0 |
Asthenia | 7.1 | 0 | 16.7 |
Insomnia | 5.0 | 3.7 | 3.3 |
Paresthesia | 1.9 | 2.5 | 0 |
Gastrointestinal | | | |
Nausea | 5.8 | 1.2 | 0 |
Dyspepsia | 3.9 | 7.4 | 3.3 |
Diarrhea | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0 |
Musculoskeletal | | | |
Chest pain | 7.1 | 6.2 | 5.0 |
Joint pain | 5.2 | 4.9 | 1.7 |
Myalgia | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.3 |
The only adverse event whose frequency clearly rose with increasing dose was bradycardia. Elderly patients were especially susceptible to bradycardia, which in some cases responded to dose-reduction (see Precautions ).
The following selected (potentially important) adverse events have been reported at an incidence of less than 2% in U.S. controlled and open, long-term clinical studies, European controlled clinical trials, or in marketing experience. It is not known whether a causal relationship exists between betaxolol and these events; they are listed to alert the physician to a possible relationship:
Autonomic: flushing, salivation, sweating.
Body as a whole: allergy, fever, malaise, pain, rigors.
Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, arrhythmia, atrioventricular block, heart failure, hypertension, hypotension, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, syncope.
Central and peripheral nervous system: ataxia, neuralgia, neuropathy, numbness, speech disorder, stupor, tremor, twitching.
Gastrointestinal: anorexia, constipation, dry mouth, increased appetite, mouth ulceration, rectal disorders, vomiting, dysphagia.
Hearing and Vestibular: earache, labyrinth disorders, tinnitus, deafness.
Hematologic: anemia, leucocytosis, lymphadenopathy, purpura, thrombocytopenia.
Liver and biliary: increased AST, increased ALT.
Metabolic and nutritional: acidosis, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyperlipemia, hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, weight gain, weight loss, thirst, increased LDH.
Musculoskeletal: arthropathy, neck pain, muscle cramps, tendonitis.
Psychiatric: abnormal thinking, amnesia, impaired concentration, confusion, emotional lability, hallucinations, decreased libido.
Reproductive disorders: Female: breast pain, breast fibroadenosis, menstrual disorder; Male: Peyronie's disease, prostatitis.
Respiratory: bronchitis, bronchospasm, cough, epistaxis, flu, pneumonia, sinusitis.
Skin: alopecia, eczema, erythematous rash, hypertrichosis, pruritus, skin disorders.
Special senses: abnormal taste, taste loss.
Urinary system: cystitis, dysuria, micturition disorder, oliguria, proteinuria, abnormal renal function, renal pain.
Vascular: cerebrovascular disorder, intermittent claudication, leg cramps, peripheral ischemia, thrombophlebitis.
Vision: abnormal lacrimation, abnormal vision, blepharitis, ocular hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, dry eyes, iritis, cataract, scotoma.
Potential adverse effects
Although not reported in clinical studies with betaxolol, a variety of adverse effects have been reported with other beta-adrenergic blocking agents and may be considered potential adverse effects of betaxolol:
Central nervous system: Reversible mental depression progressing to catatonia, an acute reversible syndrome characterized by disorientation for time and place, short-term memory loss, emotional lability with slightly clouded sensorium, and decreased performance on neuropsychometric tests.
Allergic: Fever combined with aching and sore throat, laryngospasm, respiratory distress.
Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and nonthrombocytopenic purpura.
Gastrointestinal: Mesenteric arterial thrombosis, ischemic colitis.
Metabolic: Hypoglycemia.
Miscellaneous: Raynaud's phenomena. There have been reports of skin rashes and/or dry eyes associated with the use of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. The reported incidence is small, and in most cases, the symptoms have cleared when treatment was withdrawn. Discontinuation of the drug should be considered if any such reaction is not otherwise explicable. Patients should be closely monitored following cessation of therapy.
The oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with the beta-blocker practolol has not been reported with Kerlone during investigational use and extensive foreign experience. However, dry eyes have been reported.
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REPORTS OF SUSPECTED KERLONE SIDE EFFECTS / ADVERSE REACTIONS
Below is a sample of reports where side effects / adverse reactions may be related to Kerlone. The information is not vetted and should not be considered as verified clinical evidence.
Possible Kerlone side effects / adverse reactions in 68 year old female
Reported by a physician from France on 2011-10-05
Patient: 68 year old female
Reactions: Pain, Muscular Weakness
Adverse event resulted in: disablity
Suspect drug(s):
Crestor
Administration route: Oral
Indication: Dyslipidaemia
Start date: 2006-09-01
End date: 2009-09-01
Kerlone
Administration route: Oral
Indication: Hypertension
Start date: 2000-01-01
End date: 2011-03-01
Kerlone
Administration route: Oral
Indication: Migraine
Start date: 2000-01-01
End date: 2011-03-01
Possible Kerlone side effects / adverse reactions in 68 year old female
Reported by a health professional (non-physician/pharmacist) from France on 2011-10-07
Patient: 68 year old female
Reactions: Pain, Muscular Weakness
Adverse event resulted in: disablity
Suspect drug(s):
Crestor
Administration route: Oral
Start date: 2006-09-01
End date: 2009-09-01
Kerlone
Administration route: Oral
Start date: 2000-01-01
End date: 2011-03-01
Kerlone
Administration route: Oral
Indication: Migraine
Start date: 2000-01-01
End date: 2011-03-01
Possible Kerlone side effects / adverse reactions in 50 year old male
Reported by a health professional (non-physician/pharmacist) from France on 2011-10-13
Patient: 50 year old male
Reactions: Renal Failure, Dehydration, Pancreatic Enzymes Increased, Intestinal Obstruction
Adverse event resulted in: hospitalization
Suspect drug(s):
Allopurinol
Dosage: 300 mg, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Atorvastatin Calcium
Dosage: 20 mg, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide
Dosage: 1 df, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Januvia
Dosage: 0.5 df, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Kerlone
Dosage: 20 mg, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Lercanidipine
Dosage: 20 mg, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Oxycontin
Dosage: 10 mg, unk
Administration route: Oral
Indication: Back Pain
Start date: 2011-07-13
End date: 2011-08-09
Repaglinide
Dosage: 3 mg, 3x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Rilmenidine
Dosage: 1 mg, 1x/day
Administration route: Oral
End date: 2011-08-09
Other drugs received by patient: Mycophenolate Mofetil (Cellcept); Tacrolimus; Prednisone
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