DrugLib.com — Drug Information Portal

Rx drug information, pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, news, and more

Gammagard S / D (Immune Globulin Intravenous) - Description and Clinical Pharmacology

 
 



DESCRIPTION

GAMMAGARD S/D, * Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) [IGIV] is a solvent/detergent treated, sterile, freeze-dried preparation of highly purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) derived from large pools of human plasma. The product is manufactured by the Cohn-Oncley cold ethanol fractionation process followed by ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography. Source material for fractionation may be obtained from another U.S. licensed manufacturer. The manufacturing process includes treatment with an organic solvent/detergent mixture,1,2 composed of tri-n-butyl phosphate, octoxynol 9 and polysorbate 80.3 The GAMMAGARD S/D manufacturing process provides a significant viral reduction in in vitro studies. 3 These studies, summarized in Table 1, demonstrate virus clearance during GAMMAGARD S/D manufacturing using infectious human immunodeficiency virus, Types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2); bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD), a model virus for hepatitis C virus; sindbis virus (SIN), a model virus for lipid-enveloped viruses; pseudorabies virus (PRV), a model virus for lipid-enveloped DNA viruses such as herpes; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a model virus for lipid-enveloped RNA viruses; hepatitis A virus (HAV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC), a model virus for non-lipid enveloped RNA viruses; and porcine parvovirus (PPV), a model virus for non-lipid enveloped DNA viruses. 3 These reductions are achieved through a combination of process chemistry, partitioning and/or inactivation during cold ethanol fractionation and the solvent/detergent treatment.3


*Manufactured under U.S. Patent No. 4,439,421
Copyright 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 Baxter Healthcare Corporation. All rights reserved.

TABLE 1
In Vitro Virus Clearance During GAMMAGARD S/D
Manufacturing
Process Step Evaluated Virus Clearance (log10)
Lipid Enveloped Viruses Non-Lipid Enveloped
Viruses
BVD HIV-1 HIV-2 PRV SIN VSV EMC HAV PPV
Step 1: Processing of Cryo-Poor Plasma to Fraction I+II+III Precipitate 0.6 * 5.7 NT 1.0 * NT NT NT 0.5 * 0.2 *
Step 2: Processing of Resuspended Suspension A Precipitate to Suspension B Filter Press Filtrate 1.3 4.9 NT 3.7 NT NT 3.7 4.1 3.5
Step 3: Processing of Suspension B Filter Press to Suspension B Cuno 70 Filtrate 0.7 * 4.0 NT 4.5 NT NT 3.0 3.9 3.9
Step 4: Solvent/Detergent Treatment >4.9 >3.7 5.7 >4.1 5.1 6.0 NA NA NA
Cumulative Reduction of Virus (log10) 6.2 18.3 5.7 12.3 5.1 6.0 6.7 8.0 7.4
*These values are not included in the computation of the cumulative reduction of virus since the virus clearance is within the variability limit of the assay ( NANot Applicable. Solvent/detergent treatment does not effect non-lipid enveloped viruses.
NT Not Tested.

When reconstituted with the total volume of diluent (Sterile Water for Injection, USP) supplied, this preparation contains approximately 50 mg of protein per mL (5%), of which at least 90% is gamma globulin. The product, reconstituted to 5%, contains a physiological concentration of sodium chloride (approximately 8.5 mg/mL) and has a pH of 6.8 ± 0.4. Stabilizing agents and additional components are present in the following maximum amounts for a 5% solution: 3 mg/mL Albumin (Human), 22.5 mg/mL glycine, 20 mg/mL glucose, 2 mg/mL polyethylene glycol (PEG), 1 µg/mL tri-n-butyl phosphate, 1 µg/mL octoxynol 9, and 100 µg/mL polysorbate 80. If it is necessary to prepare a 10% (100 mg/mL) solution for infusion, half the volume of diluent should be added, as described in the DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section. In this case, the stabilizing agents and other components will be present at double the concentrations given for the 5% solution. The manufacturing process for GAMMAGARD S/D, isolates IgG without additional chemical or enzymatic modification, and the Fc portion is maintained intact. GAMMAGARD S/D contains all of the IgG antibody activities which are present in the donor population. On the average, the distribution of IgG subclasses present in this product is similar to that in normal plasma.3 GAMMAGARD S/D contains only trace amounts of IgA ( GAMMAGARD S/D, Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) contains no preservative.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

GAMMAGARD S/D, Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human), contains a broad spectrum of IgG antibodies against bacterial and viral agents that are capable of opsonization and neutralization of microbes and toxins.

Peak levels of IgG are reached immediately after infusion of GAMMAGARD S/D. It has been shown that, after infusion, exogenous IgG is distributed relatively rapidly between plasma and extravascular fluid until approximately half is partitioned in the extravascular space. Therefore, a rapid initial drop in serum IgG levels is to be expected.4 As a class, IgG survives longer in vivo than other serum proteins. 4,5 Studies show that the half-life of GAMMAGARD S/D is approximately 37.7 ± 15 days. 3 Previous studies reported IgG half-life values of 21 to 25 days. 4,5,6 The half-life of IgG can vary considerably from person to person, however. In particular, high concentrations of IgG and hypermetabolism associated with fever and infection have been seen to coincide with a shortened half-life of IgG. 4-7

-- advertisement -- The American Red Cross
 
Home | About Us | Contact Us | Site usage policy | Privacy policy

All Rights reserved - Copyright DrugLib.com, 2006-2017