ETHAMBUTOL SUMMARY
Ethambutol hydrochloride is an oral chemotherapeutic agent which is specifically effective against actively growing microorganisms of the genus Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis. Ethambutol hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder.
Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets are indicated for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It should not be used as the sole antituberculous drug, but should be used in conjunction with at least one other antituberculous drug. Selection of the companion drug should be based on clinical experience, considerations of comparative safety and appropriate in vitro susceptibility studies. In patients who have not received previous antituberculous therapy, i.e., initial treatment, the most frequently used regimens have been the following:
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- Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets plus isoniazid
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- Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets plus isoniazid plus streptomycin.
In patients who have received previous antituberculous therapy, mycobacterial resistance to other drugs used in initial therapy is frequent. Consequently, in such retreatment patients, Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets should be combined with at least one of the second line drugs not previously administered to the patient and to which bacterial susceptibility has been indicated by appropriate in vitro studies. Antituberculous drugs used with Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets have included cycloserine, ethionamide, pyrazinamide, viomycin and other drugs. Isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid, and streptomycin have also been used in multiple drug regimens. Alternating drug regimens have also been utilized.
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NEWS HIGHLIGHTSMedia Articles Related to Ethambutol
Tuberculosis (TB) Source: MedicineNet Aches, Pain, Fever Specialty [2017.09.20] Title: Tuberculosis (TB) Category: Diseases and Conditions Created: 12/31/1997 12:00:00 AM Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2017 12:00:00 AM
Tuberculosis Skin Test (PPD Skin Test) Source: MedicineNet Immunizations Specialty [2017.09.05] Title: Tuberculosis Skin Test (PPD Skin Test) Category: Procedures and Tests Created: 1/13/2004 12:00:00 AM Last Editorial Review: 9/5/2017 12:00:00 AM
Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment and Vaccine Source: MedicineNet isoniazid, INH Specialty [2017.04.06] Title: Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment and Vaccine Category: Doctor's & Expert's views on Symptoms Created: 10/30/2014 12:00:00 AM Last Editorial Review: 4/6/2017 12:00:00 AM
Tuberculosis Diagnosis Source: MedicineNet Tuberculosis Skin Test (PPD Skin Test) Specialty [2017.03.29] Title: Tuberculosis Diagnosis Category: Doctor's & Expert's views on Symptoms Created: 7/24/2013 12:00:00 AM Last Editorial Review: 3/29/2017 12:00:00 AM
What Are the Symptoms and Signs of Tuberculosis (TB)? Source: MedicineNet Tuberculosis Skin Test (PPD Skin Test) Specialty [2017.03.29] Title: What Are the Symptoms and Signs of Tuberculosis (TB)? Category: Doctor's & Expert's views on Symptoms Created: 10/29/2014 12:00:00 AM Last Editorial Review: 3/29/2017 12:00:00 AM
Published Studies Related to Ethambutol
Moxifloxacin versus ethambutol in the initial treatment of tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomised, controlled phase II trial. [2009.04.04] BACKGROUND: New treatments are needed to shorten the time required to cure tuberculosis and to treat drug-resistant strains. The fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin is a promising new agent that might have additive activity to existing antituberculosis agents. We assessed the activity and safety of moxifloxacin in the initial stage of tuberculosis treatment... INTERPRETATION: Moxifloxacin improved culture conversion in the initial phase of tuberculosis treatment. Trials to assess whether moxifloxacin can be used to shorten the duration of tuberculosis treatment are justified.
Clarithromycin vs ciprofloxacin as adjuncts to rifampicin and ethambutol in treating opportunist mycobacterial lung diseases and an assessment of Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy. [2008.07] BACKGROUND: The mainstays of treatment for pulmonary disease caused by opportunist mycobacteria are rifampicin (R) and ethambutol (E). The role of macrolides, quinolones and immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae is not clear. A trial was undertaken to compare clarithromycin (Clari) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) as third drugs added after 2 years of treatment with R and E for pulmonary disease caused by M avium-intracellulare (MAC), M malmoense and M xenopi (REClari and RECipro). An optional comparison of immunotherapy with M vaccae vs no immunotherapy was also performed... CONCLUSION: Considering all three species together, there were no differences in outcome between the REClari and RECipro groups. Immunotherapy did not improve outcome. New therapies, optimised management of co-morbid conditions and a more holistic approach must be explored in the hope of improving outcome.
Moxifloxacin versus ethambutol in the first 2 months of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. [2006.08.01] RATIONALE: Moxifloxacin has promising preclinical activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but has not been evaluated in multidrug treatment of tuberculosis in humans. OBJECTIVE: To compare the impact of moxifloxacin versus ethambutol, both in combination with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide, on sputum culture conversion at 2 mo as a measure of the potential sterilizing activity of alternate induction regimens... CONCLUSIONS: The addition of moxifloxacin to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide did not affect 2-mo sputum culture status but did show increased activity at earlier time points.
Clinical Trials Related to Ethambutol
Effect of Weight and/or Obesity on Ethambutol Drug Concentrations [Completed]
This study is designed to measure drug concentrations in the blood of healthy volunteers
administered a single dose of ethambutol. Our hypothesis is that volunteers with a body
mass index (BMI) 25-40 kg/m2 will remove ethambutol more quickly from the blood than leaner
volunteers, and those with a BMI > 40 kg/m2 will have even greater clearance than those who
are leaner.
A Phase II/III Trial of Rifampin, Ciprofloxacin, Clofazimine, Ethambutol, and Amikacin in the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals. [Completed]
To compare the effectiveness and toxicity of two combination drug treatment programs for the
treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in HIV seropositive patients. [Per
03/06/92 amendment: to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin when given in conjunction with
either ethambutol or clofazimine as maintenance therapy.] Disseminated M. avium infection is
the most common systemic bacterial infection complicating AIDS in the United States. The
prognosis of patients with disseminated M. avium is extremely poor, particularly when it
follows other opportunistic infections or is associated with anemia. Test tube studies and
clinical data indicate that the best treatment program may include clofazimine, ethambutol,
a rifamycin derivative, and ciprofloxacin. Test tube and animal studies indicate that
amikacin is a bactericidal (bacteria destroying) drug that works better when used with
ciprofloxacin. Its role in treatment programs is a key issue because of toxicity and because
it must be administered parenterally (by injection or intravenously).
A Three-Arm Comparative Trial for the Treatment of MAC Bacteremia in AIDS: A Clarithromycin/Ethambutol Regimen Containing Rifabutin (450 Mg) or Rifabutin (300 Mg) or Placebo [Completed]
To compare the efficacy of clarithromycin/ethambutol with placebo or with rifabutin at two
different doses in reducing colony-forming units (CFUs) by 2 or more logarithms in patients
with Mycobacterium avium Complex bacteremia and maintaining this response until 16 weeks
post-randomization. To assess survival and comparative tolerability among the three
treatment regimens.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Study of Azithromycin Versus Clarithromycin in Combination With Ethambutol for the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Infection in AIDs Patients [Completed]
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two different doses of azithromycin in combination
with ethambutol for the treatment of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
infection, and to determine whether an azithromycin-containing regimen is at least as safe
and effective as the same regimen containing clarithromycin..
The Safety and Effectiveness of Clarithromycin Plus Ethambutol Used With or Without Clofazimine in the Treatment of MAC in Patients With AIDS [Completed]
PRIMARY: To assess the tolerability of the combination regimen of clarithromycin plus
ethambutol with or without clofazimine in patients with disseminated Mycobacterium avium
Complex (dMAC).
SECONDARY: To determine the proportion of patients achieving a sterile blood culture along
with the time required to achieve it. To determine the duration of bacteriological response,
defined as length of time that blood cultures remain sterile.
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