CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacodynamics
DAYPRO ALTA, the potassium salt of oxaprozin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which dissociates into the active moiety oxaprozin in vivo. Oxaprozin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties in animal models. The mechanism of action of DAYPRO ALTA, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition.
Pharmacokinetics
(see Table 1)
Absorption
After oral administration, DAYPRO ALTA dissociates into free oxaprozin which is 95% absorbed. Peak plasma concentration occurs at about 1 hour and 45 minutes after single dose administration (see Table 1). When DAYPRO ALTA is administered with food, the peak concentration of oxaprozin is delayed by about 45 minutes, but the extent of absorption is unchanged. Antacids do not significantly affect the extent and rate of oxaprozin absorption.
Table 1 Oxaprozin Pharmacokinetic Parameters with DAYPRO ALTA Dosing (1200mg); Mean (%CV) | Healthy Adults (18–42 years; N= 12–24) |
| Total Drug | Unbound Drug |
| Single | Multiple | Single | Multiple |
Tmax(hr) | 1.67(65) | 2.13 (64) | 1.71 (63) | 1.59(38) |
Oral Clearance (Llhr/70 kg) | 0.125 (15) | 0.289 (17) | 123 (20) | 86.7 (33) |
Apparent Volume of Distribution at steady state (Vd/T; L/70 kg) | 10.14(11) | 16.24 (38) | 7741 (18) | 2067(38) |
Elimination Half-life (hr) | 57.0(15) | 38.0(29) | 44.8 (23) | 16.4 (11) |
Distribution
In dose proportionality studies utilizing 600, 1200 and 1800 mg doses, the pharmacokinetics of oxaprozin in healthy subjects has demonstrated nonlinear kinetics of both the total and unbound drug in opposite directions, i.e., dose exposure related increase in the clearance of total drug and decrease in the clearance of the unbound drug. Concentration dependent changes in the protein binding also resulted in changes in the oxaprozin volume of distribution, which increased for the total drug but decreased for the unbound drug. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of total oxaprozin is approximately 10–16 L/70 kg. Oxaprozin potassium is 99% bound to plasma proteins, primarily to albumin. At therapeutic drug concentrations, the plasma protein binding of oxaprozin is saturable, resulting in a higher proportion of the free drug as the total drug concentration is increased. With increases in single doses or following repetitive once-daily dosing, the apparent volume of distribution and clearance of total drug increased, while that of unbound drug decreased due to the effects of nonlinear protein binding. Oxaprozin is expected to be excreted in human milk based on its physical—chemical properties, however, the amount of oxaprozin excreted in breast milk has not been evaluated.
Metabolism
Several oxaprozin metabolites excreted in human urine or feces are considered not to have significant pharmacologic activity. Oxaprozin is primarily metabolized by the liver, by both microsomal oxidation (65%) and glucuronic acid conjugation (35%). Ester and ether glucuronides are the major conjugated metabolites of oxaprozin. A small amount (<5%) of active phenolic metabolites is produced, but the contribution to overall activity is limited.
Excretion
Sixty-five percent (65%) of the dose is excreted into the urine and 35% in the feces as metabolites. Renal elimination of oxaprozin metabolites is a major pathway of elimination. Biliary excretion of unchanged oxaprozin is a minor pathway. After multiple doses of DAYPRO ALTA (1200mg QD), post-steady state mean elimination half-lives of total oxaprozin and protein unbound oxaprozin were 38.0 and 16.4 hrs, respectively (see Table 1).
Special Populations
Pediatric
DAYPRO ALTA has not been investigated in patients <16 years of age.
Geriatric
As with any NSAID, caution should be exercised in treating the elderly (65 years and older). No dosage adjustment is necessary in the elderly for pharmacokinetic reasons, although many elderly may need a reduced dose due to low body weight or disorders associated with aging.
Gender
No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters have been observed between male and female subjects in studies of DAYPRO ALTA.
Race
Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been identified in studies of DAYPRO ALTA.
Hepatic Insufficiency
Approximately 95% of oxaprozin is metabolized by the liver. However, patients with well-compensated cirrhosis do not require reduced doses of oxaprozin as compared to patients with normal hepatic function. Nevertheless, caution should be observed in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction.
Cardiac Failure
Well-compensated cardiac failure does not affect the plasma protein binding or the pharmacokinetics of oxaprozin.
Renal Insufficiency
The pharmacokinetics of oxaprozin has been investigated in patients with renal insufficiency. Oxaprozin's renal clearance decreased proportionally with creatinine clearance (CrCl). Since only about 5% of oxaprozin dose is excreted unchanged in the urine, the decrease in total body clearance becomes clinically important only in those subjects with highly decreased CrCl. Oxaprozin is not significantly removed from the blood in patients undergoing hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) due to its high protein binding. Oxaprozin plasma protein binding may decrease in patients with severe renal deficiency. Dosage adjustment may be necessary in patients with renal insufficiency (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects).
Drug Interactions
(Also see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions)
General
The coadministration of oxaprozin and antacids, acetaminophen, or conjugated estrogens resulted in no statistically significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters in single- and/or multiple dose studies.
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