Appetite and endocrine regulators of energy balance after 2 days of energy
restriction: insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and DHEA-S.
Author(s): Pasiakos SM, Caruso CM, Kellogg MD, Kramer FM, Lieberman HR.
Affiliation(s): Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental
Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA. stefan.pasiakos@us.army.mil
Publication date & source: 2011, Obesity (Silver Spring). , 19(6):1124-30
Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, the effects of 48 h
near complete energy restriction on endocrine regulators of appetite and satiety
were assessed. Twelve men and one woman participated in this controlled, 2-day
diet intervention study. One experimental trial was completed in a calorie
deprived state (CAL-DEP; <10% of estimated energy requirements) and others in a
fed condition (carbohydrate only and carbohydrate and fat; data were pooled and
compared to CAL-DEP). Test meals containing prescribed energy intake and
indistinguishable in sensory characteristics were provided during each trial.
Glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate
(DHEA-S), and satiety were repeatedly assessed. Mean glucose, insulin, and leptin
concentrations were lower (P < 0.0001) for CAL-DEP compared to the fully fed
(FED) state. Ghrelin and DHEA-S were higher (P < 0.0001) for CAL-DEP relative to
FED. Cortisol levels declined each day regardless of diet (P < 0.0001) but were
32% higher (P < 0.01) at the conclusion of the session for CAL-DEP compared to
FED. Satiety was 25% lower (P < 0.0001) for CAL-DEP relative to FED and decreased
(P < 0.0001) over time regardless of diet. In the FED state, insulin (r = 0.55),
glucose (r = 0.76), cortisol (r = -0.59), and DHEA-S (r = -0.62) were associated
(P < 0.05) with satiety, but not during CAL-DEP. These findings show that 2 days
of severe energy restriction alter several endocrine regulators of appetite
independent of perception of increased hunger suggesting a physiological
mechanism to explain overeating following acute periods of severe energy
restriction.
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